Types of separator

Types of separator

      Vertical Separator

The well stream enters the separator through the tangential inlet, which imparts a circular motion to the fluids. A Centrifugal and gravity force provides efficient primary separation. A conical baffle separates the liquid accumulation system from primary section to ensure a quiet liquid

                  Surface releasing solution gas. The separated gas travels up ward through the secondary separation section where the heavier entrained liquid particles settle out. The gas flows through the mist extractor and particles accumulate until sufficient weight to fall into the liquid accumulation section. Sediments 

 enter the separator and accumulate in the bottom and flushed out through the drain connection

Horizontal separator

-Single tube

 the well stream enters through the inlet and strikes an angle baffle or dished deflector and strikes the side of the separator, producing maximum primary separation. Horizontal divider plates separate the liquid accumulation and gas separation section to ensure quick removal of solution gas. The separated gas passes through the mist extractor where liquid particles 10 micron and larger size are removed.

Advantage

       Lower initial cost

   They are easier to insulate for cold-weather operation 

   The liquid remains warmer, minimize freezing and paraffin deposition              

-Double tube

 consist of an upper separator section and lower liquid chamber. The mixed stream of oil and gas enters the upper tube. Liquid fall through the first connecting pipe into the liquid reservoir and wet gas flows through the upper tube where the entrained liquid separate owing to difference in density and to scrubbing action of mist extractor.

Advantage

     The larger capacity under surging conditions.

     The better separation of solution gas in the quiescent lower chamber.

    Better separation of gases and liquids of similar densities.

More stable liquid level control              

            

 Spherical separator

The incoming well stream is split by the inlet flow diverter and directed tangentially against the wall of the separator. The liquid streams come together after flowing 180^o around the vessel wall and then fall into the accumulation section to remain there until released. The gas stream is travelling through the large diameter and loses particles due to its reduced velocity. Then, the gas passes through mist extractor

Factors affecting separation

Operating pressure

A change in pressure effects changes in the gas and liquid densities, velocity and flowing volume. The net effect on an increase in pressure is an increased gas capacity of the separator

Temperature

It affects the actual flowing volume and densities of the gas and liquid. The net effect of an increase of temperature is a decrease in capacity

Types of drilling rigs

 Types of drilling rigs

The complexity of the drilling operation determines the level of sophistication of the various rig components. However, even with the considerable variety of rig types, the basic components described under with only a few exceptions are similar and

common to each.

Rigs are generally divided into two categories

1-Onshore

2- Offshore

Onshore (land) rigs are all similar, but offshore rigs are of five basic types - each of which is designed to suit specific offshore environment. Illustrates the various types of rigs. 

-Land Rigs

Before rig equipment is brought in, the land must be cleared and graded, and access roads must be prepared.

The most common arrangement for a land drilling rig is the cantilever mast (sometimes called a jackknife derrick) which is assembled on the ground  then raised to the vertical position using a power from the draw words (hoisting system).These structures are made up of prefabricated sections which are fastened together by large pins. First, the drilling crew places the engine and derrick substructures in proper position and Pinned together and then the draw works and engines are put in place

 

 

 

Offshore Rig

A-Barge

The barge is a shallow draft, flat-bottom vessel equipped as an offshore drilling unit, used

primarily in swampy areas. This rig can be found operating in the swamps of river deltas in Waste

Africa or in the coastal areas of shallow lakes such as Lake Marcaibo, Venezuela. It can be

towed to the location and then blasted to rest on the bottom

B-Jack-up

This mobile drilling rig is designed to operate in shallow water, generally less than 350 ft deep.

Jack-up rigs, are very stable drilling platforms because they rest on the seabed and are not

subjected to the heaving hull which may be shipshaped, triangular, rectangular, or irregularly

shaped,, supported on a number of lattice or tubular legs

When the rig is undertow to a drilling location the legs are raised, projecting only a few feet below

the deck, and the structure behaves like a cumbersome floating box; hence, it can be towed only in good seas and at a slow speed Upon reaching its location the legs are lowered by

electric or hydraulic jacks until they rest on the seabed and the deck is level, some 50 feet or more

above the waves. Most jack-up rigs have three; four or five legs are either vertical or slightly tilted

for better stability. In one design, they are fixed to a large steel mat, which gives it the name of matsupported jack-up. A drilling derrick is cantilevered over the side

The chief disadvantages of the jack-up are its vulnerability when being jacked up or relocated

but as a class, they are cheaper than other mobile rigs. Nearly half of the world's fleet of offshore

rigs in service is the jack-up type, some of which are large, self-propelled Units

 

C-Fixed Platforms

There are two basic types of fixed platforms are

"pilled" steel platforms and "gravity structure".

Both types discussed below.

Pi led Steel platforms

These are conventional drilling and production platforms, and hundreds of them are installed

offshore in many parts of the worlds. The standard configuration consists of a steal jacket

pinned to the seabed by long steel piles, surmounted by a steel jack deck with supports

equipment and accommodation buildings or modules, one or more drilling rigs, and a

helicopter deck. Piled steel platforms have the advantage of being very stable under the worst

sea conditions, but they are virtually immobile. In shallow waters the plied platforms is

probably preferred over the jacket in separate sections usually begins onshore. They are then

assembled on a flotation tanks, then up righted, and finally submerged over the chosen spot on

the seabed. The jacket is then pin-piled, the superstructure" and accommodation modules

or buildings erected, and the platform made ready for operation

Gravity Structures

This is a family of deep-water structures usually built of reinforced concrete, but may be of steel

or a combination of steel and concrete. These structures rely on gravity to keep them stable of

the seabed. Unlike piled steel platforms, they are relatively mobile and need no piling to hold

them in place. Gravity structures tolerate a wide range of seabed conditions. While they can be

used for development drilling and production, they also have the advantage of being able to

store oil in their structural cells. A typicalgravity structure consists of a cellular concrete or steel base for storage or ballast, a number vertical columns, which support a steel deck and

give access to the risers, and deck accommodation in the form of detachable

modules. Construction of the concrete type begins in a dry-deck basin where the base

caisson is partly built. The basin is then flooded and the base towed into deeper water where the

caissons are finished, the towers are formed, and the deck installed. Steel structures are

assembled in the same manner as piled steel platforms, and all types are towed to their final

destinations and settled upright on the seabed by controlled ballasting. Deck modules are then

fitted onto the deck and fitted out, after which the platform is ready for operations. There are

several configurations of gravity structure, each of which is constructed to client requirements